Soulful rhythm, dancing bodies: A review on spirituality, pain tolerance, and the risk of lower extremity musculoskeletal and back injuries among classical Kathak dancers of India

Abhijeet Singh Dewari; Barry Bogin; Shivani Chandel

doi:10.52905/hbph2024.1.79

Authors

Abhijeet Singh Dewari Department Of Anthropology, University of Delhi https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5156-4692
Barry Bogin School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE113TU, United Kingdom https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1688-0087
Shivani Chandel Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9921-4460

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52905/hbph2024.1.79

Keywords:

dance injuries, Indian classical dance, pain perception, supplementary exercise training

Abstract

Background: Dance and dancers reflect happiness, sadness, passion, anger, and all other emotions as every single dancing movement carries a significant signal that goes beyond words. Kathak, an Indian classical dance form, requires a divine balance between the soul and the physical body. This balance allows for a high pain tolerance of the dancers, but the spiritual nature of this dance form also generates ignorance and disinterest in their health seeking behavior towards injuries.

Objectives: This comprehensive narrative review is aimed at exploring and examining the prevalence of lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries among Kathak dancers and proposes management strategies for their prevention and treatment.

Methods: This review is based on a search of relevant articles, research papers, books and book chapters conducted across a wide array of online sources, utilizing the search engines like PubMed, Medline, CrossRef; etc. Considering the inclusion criterion, the review process included three stages: initial assessment of papers through title and abstract review, a detailed examination of relevant items, and systematic compilation of pertinent information into a categorized table under topical headings.

Results: The review finds that the majority of injuries were reported in the foot and ankle region of dancers practicing Kathak.

Conclusion: There is a need to develop supplementary exercise training programs and also spread awareness among dancers regarding their physical health and seeking medical care in time to delay/prevent lower extremity injuries.

References

Alaia (2020). Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis) - OrthoInfo - AAOS. Available online at https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/tennis-elbow-lateral-epicondylitis/ (accessed 3/7/2024).

Anbarasi, V./Rajan, D. V./Adalarasu, K. (2012). Analysis of Lower Extremity Muscle Flexibility among Indian Classical Bharathnatyam Dancers. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Medical, Health, Biomedical, Bioengineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering 6, 225–230.

Anderson, J. (2001). Such Happy Feet, Noisily Slapping Feet. Available online at https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/06/arts/dance-in-review-such-happy-feet-noisily-slapping-feet.html?smid=url-share.

Andrew, T. L. (2003). Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise. A Comprehensive Guide to Multiple-Joint Exercises. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine 2 (2), 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-3467(07)60047-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3467(07)60047-0

Arcelus, J./Witcomb, G. L./Mitchell, A. (2014). Prevalence of eating disorders amongst dancers: a systemic review and meta-analysis. European eating disorders review : the journal of the Eating Disorders Association 22 (2), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2271

Art Of Living (2015). Interview With Birju Maharaj Ji. Available online at https://www.artofliving.org/interview-birju-maharaj (accessed 3/8/2024).

Askling, C. M./Tengvar, M./Saartok, T./Thorstensson, A. (2007). Acute first-time hamstring strains during slow-speed stretching: clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, and recovery characteristics. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 35 (10), 1716–1724. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546507303563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546507303563

Askling, C. M./Tengvar, M./Saartok, T./Thorstensson, A. (2008). Proximal hamstring strains of stretching type in different sports: injury situations, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics, and return to sport. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 36 (9), 1799–1804. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546508315892. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546508315892

Askling, C./Lund, H./Saartok, T./Thorstensson, A. (2002). Self-reported hamstring injuries in student-dancers. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 12 (4), 230–235. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2002.00237.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2002.00237.x

Askling, C./Saartok, T./Thorstensson, A. (2006). Type of acute hamstring strain affects flexibility, strength, and time to return to pre-injury level. British Journal of Sports Medicine 40 (1), 40–44. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.018879. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.018879

Aujla, I./Farrer, R. (2015). The role of psychological factors in the career of the independent dancer. Frontiers in Psychology 6, 1688. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01688

Banerjee, N./Chatterjee, S./Bhattacharjee, S./Biswas, P./De, S./Mukherjee, S. (2018). A Study on Select Novel Blood Pressure Indices in Adult Bengalee Females: Impact of practicing Bharatnatyam Dancing. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health 5 (1), 25–29. Available online at https://www.kheljournal.com/archives/2018/vol5issue1/PartA/4-4-9-995.pdf.

Banerjee, N./Santra, T./Chaterjee, S./Chatterjee, A./Chatterjee, S./Banerjee, U./Mukherjee, S./Manna, I. (2014). A Study on Pulmonary Function of Adolescent Bengalee Trainee Bharatnatyam Dancers. American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2 (5A), 45–47. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajssm-2-5A-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12691/ajssm-2-5A-10

Basavarajaiah, Veena (2011). Not just anyBODY: a health and fitness monthly column. Available online at https://www.narthaki.com/info/healthtip/ht13.html.

Bhutada, N./Pawar, P. (2022). Prevalence of Injuries and Risk Factors in Dancers, IJSR, Call for Papers, Online Journal. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 11 (1), 1531–1535. https://doi.org/10.21275/SR22127200006.

Bogin, B. (2021a). Patterns of Human Growth. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108379977

Bogin, B. (2021b). Social-Economic-Political-Emotional (SEPE) factors regulate human growth. Human Biology and Public Health 1. https://doi.org/10.52905/hbph.v1.10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52905/hbph.v1.10

Bożek, A./Nowak, P. F./Blukacz, M. (2020). The Relationship Between Spirituality, Health-Related Behavior, and Psychological Well-Being. Frontiers in Psychology 11, 1997. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01997

Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (2020). Kathak Dance –. Available online at https://ccrtindia.gov.in/kathak-dance/ (accessed 3/7/2024).

Chandan, S./Tamaria, S./Gaur, D./Chadha, C./Sharma, P. (2018). Cross-Sectional Study of Foot Posture Index, Navicular Drop and Arch Index in Kathak Dancers. International Journal of Research & Review 5 (6), 157–164. Available online at www.ijrrjournal.com.

Chorol, Kunzang (2016). Kathak dancer Shruti Gupta breaks her own record; performs at Khardongla. Available online at https://www.reachladakh.com/news/art-culture-and-languages/kathak-dancer-shruti-gupta-breaks-her-own-record-performs-at-khardongla (accessed 3/7/2024).

Croisier, J.-L. (2004). Factors associated with recurrent hamstring injuries. Sports Medicine 34 (10), 681–695. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434100-00005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434100-00005

Cross, T. M./Gibbs, N./Houang, M. T./Cameron, M. (2004). Acute quadriceps muscle strains: magnetic resonance imaging features and prognosis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 32 (3), 710–719. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546503261734. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546503261734

Dalton, S. E. (1992). Overuse injuries in adolescent athletes. Sports Medicine 13 (1), 58–70. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199213010-00006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199213010-00006

Das, T. (2023). Air India urination case: Kathak dancers do not have bladder problems, say enraged artistes. Available online at https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/air-india-urination-case-kathak-dancers-do-not-have-bladder-problems-say-enraged-artistes-101673626267016.html#:~:text=%E2%80%9CIt%20is%20an%20unfortunate%20case,and%20this%20is%20absolutely%20wrong. (accessed 3/7/2024).

Deleget, A. (2010). Overview of Thigh Injuries in Dance. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 14 (3), 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089313x1001400304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1089313X1001400304

Descutner, J. (2010). Kathak down the ages. Deccan Herald. Available online at https://www.deccanherald.com/features/kathak-down-ages-2353291#:~:text=With%20the%20arrival%20of%20Mughals,dances%20in%20praise%20of%20them.

DHNS (2012). Kathak, down the ages of 8/11/2012. Available online at https://www.deccanherald.com/features/kathak-down-ages-2353291 (accessed 3/14/2024).

Donatelli, R. A. (1985). Normal biomechanics of the foot and ankle. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 7 (3), 91–95. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1985.7.3.91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1985.7.3.91

Dosil, J./Díaz, O. (2008). The Importance of Weight in Some Sports. In: Joaquín Dosil (Ed.). Eating Disorders in Athletes. Wiley, 23–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470725047.ch2

Evans, R. W./Evans, R. I./Carvajal, S. (1998). Survey of injuries among West End performers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 55 (9), 585–593. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.55.9.585. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.55.9.585

Fine, Rachel (2021). The Importance of Nutrition For Dancers. Available online at https://pointenutrition.com/the-importance-of-nutrition-for-dancers/ (accessed 3/7/2024).

Franklin, S. S./Khan, S. A./Wong, N. D./Larson, M. G./Levy, D. (1999). Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart Disease? The Framingham heart study. Circulation 100 (4), 354–360. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.100.4.354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.100.4.354

Garrett, W. E./Califf, J. C./Bassett, F. H. (1984). Histochemical correlates of hamstring injuries. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 12 (2), 98–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354658401200202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/036354658401200202

Gupta, A./Fernihough, B./Bailey, G./Bombeck, P./Clarke, A./Hopper, D. (2004). An evaluation of differences in hip external rotation strength and range of motion between female dancers and non-dancers. British Journal of Sports Medicine 38 (6), 778–783. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2003.010827. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2003.010827

Guruprasad, P./Sangaokar, M./Palekar, T. (2019). Prevalence of Myofascial Trigger Points of Gastrocnemius in Dancers. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 134–137. https://doi.org/10.32628/ijsrst196179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST196179

Haas, J. G. (2010). Dance anatomy. Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics.

Hamilton, R. T./Shultz, S. J./Schmitz, R. J./Perrin, D. H. (2008). Triple-hop distance as a valid predictor of lower limb strength and power. Journal of Athletic Training 43 (2), 144–151. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.2.144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.2.144

Harley, Y. X./Gibson, A. S. C./Harley, E. H./Lambert, M. I./Vaughan, C. L./Noakes, T. D. (2002). Quadriceps Strength and Jumping Efficiency in Dancers. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 6 (3), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089313x0200600303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1089313X0200600303

Hart, J. M./Pietrosimone, B./Hertel, J./Ingersoll, C. D. (2010). Quadriceps activation following knee injuries: a systematic review. Journal of Athletic Training 45 (1), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.1.87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.1.87

Hasler, C. C. (2013). Back pain during growth. Swiss Medical Weekly 143, w13714. https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2013.13714. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2013.13714

Hertel, J./Gay, M. R./Denegar, C. R. (2002). Differences in postural control during single-leg stance among healthy individuals with different foot types. Journal of Athletic Training 37 (2), 129–132.

Howlett, George (2018). Akram Khan interview: 'Indian dancers place themselves in the shoes of gods and mortals'. Darbar Arts Culture and Heritage Trust. Available online at https://www.darbar.org/article/akram-khan-interview (accessed 3/14/2024).

Ibrahim, A./Murrell, G. A. C./Knapman, P. (2007). Adductor strain and hip range of movement in male professional soccer players. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 15 (1), 46–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/230949900701500111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/230949900701500111

Ireland, M. L./Willson, J. D./Ballantyne, B. T./Davis, I. M. (2003). Hip strength in females with and without patellofemoral pain. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 33 (11), 671–676. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2003.33.11.671. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2003.33.11.671

Jain, Reshma (2020). Conveying the meaning of life, trans woman Devendra S Manglamukhi dances her way to glory. Available online at https://sociostory.org/impact-stories/conveying-the-meaning-of-life-trans-woman-devendra-s-manglamukhi-dances-her-way-to-glory (accessed 3/8/2024).

Kadakia, P. M. (2017). Watch how tap dance and kathak blend on NCPA stage. Hindustan Times of 1/20/2017. Available online at https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/watch-how-tap-dance-and-kathak-blend-on-ncpa-stage/story-Oeh4D3NAzjDT7oc5RBwNbJ.html (accessed 3/8/2024).

Kadel, N. J. (2006). Foot and ankle injuries in dance. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 17 (4), 813-26, vii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2006.06.006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2006.06.006

Khan, K./Brown, J./Way, S./Vass, N./Crichton, K./Alexander, R./Baxter, A./Butler, M./Wark, J. (1995). Overuse injuries in classical ballet. Sports Medicine 19 (5), 341–357. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199519050-00004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199519050-00004

Khokar, M. (1984). Traditions of Indian classical d ance. Clarion Books.

Khunteta, N. (2020). Bhava- Bhavabhivyakti. Kathak By Neha of 2020. Available online at https://kathakbyneha.in/bhava-kathak-by-neha/ (accessed 3/8/2024).

Kline, J. B./Krauss, J. R./Maher, S. F./Qu, X. (2013). Core strength training using a combination of home exercises and a dynamic sling system for the management of low back pain in pre-professional ballet dancers: a case series. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 17 (1), 24–33. https://doi.org/10.12678/1089-313X.17.1.24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12678/1089-313X.17.1.24

Koskoff, E. (2008). The Concise Garland encyclopedia of world music. Africa, South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, The United Sates and Canada, Europe, Oceania, The Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia. New York, NY, Routledge.

Koutedakis, Y./Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou, A./Metsios, G. (2005). The significance of muscular strength in dance. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 9 (1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089313x0500900106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1089313X0500900106

Krasnow, D./Mainwaring, L./Kerr, G. (1999). Injury, stress, and perfectionism in young dancers and Gymnasts. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 3 (2), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089313x9900300203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1089313X9900300203

Kulshreshtha, M./Babu, N./Goel, N. J./Chandel, S. (2021). Disordered eating attitudes and body shape concerns among North Indian Kathak dancers. The International Journal of Eating Disorders 54 (2), 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23425

Kulshreshtha, M./Malik, S. L./Chandel, S. (2022). Health-related components of physical fitness and adiposity indicators: a comparative study among Kathak dancers and non-dancers of North India. Research in Dance Education, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/14647893.2022.2159357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14647893.2022.2159357

Lalli, G. (2004). A North Indian classical dance form: Lucknow Kathak. Visual Anthropology 17 (1), 19–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/08949460490273997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08949460490273997

Laws, H./Apps, J. (2005). Fit to dance 2. Report of the second national inquiry into dancers' health and injury in the UK. London, Dance UK.

Leanderson, C./Leanderson, J./Wykman, A./Strender, L.-E./Johansson, S.-E./Sundquist, K. (2011). Musculoskeletal injuries in young ballet dancers. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 19 (9), 1531–1535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-011-1445-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-011-1445-9

Liederbach, M./Dilgen, F. E./Rose, D. J. (2008). Incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries among elite ballet and modern dancers: a 5-year prospective study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 36 (9), 1779–1788. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546508323644. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546508323644

Liederbach, M./Richardson, M. (2007). The importance of standardized injury reporting in dance. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 11 (2), 45–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089313X0701100203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1089313X0701100203

Lin, C.-F./Gross, M. L./Weinhold, P. (2006). Ankle syndesmosis injuries: anatomy, biomechanics, mechanism of injury, and clinical guidelines for diagnosis and intervention. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 36 (6), 372–384. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2006.2195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2006.2195

Malkogeorgos, A./Mavrovouniotis, F./Zaggelidis, G./Ciucurel, C. (2011). Common dance related musculoskeletal injuries. Journal of Physical Education and Sport 11 (3), 259–266.

Masal, S./Borkar, P. (2021). Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries in Indian classical dancers: A systematic review. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health 8 (3), 310–319.

Mascal, C. L./Landel, R./Powers, C. (2003). Management of patellofemoral pain targeting hip, pelvis, and trunk muscle function: 2 case reports. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 33 (11), 647–660. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2003.33.11.647. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2003.33.11.647

Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row.

Massey, R. (1999). India's Kathak dance. Past, present, future. New Delhi, Abhinav Publications.

Mayers, L./Judelson, D./Bronner, S. (2003). The prevalence of injury among tap dancers. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 7 (4), 121–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089313X0300700403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1089313X0300700403

Micheli, L. J. (1983). Back injuries in dancers. Clinics in Sports Medicine 2 (3), 473–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5919(20)31380-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5919(20)31380-6

Ministry of Culture - Government of India (2024). Dance. Available online at https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/dance (accessed 3/8/2024).

Mohanathasan, Erandika (2021). Common tap dance injuries and how to prevent them. Available online at https://jhuti.com/blogs/health/how-to-prevent-tap-dance-injuries (accessed 3/8/2024).

Morelli, S. (2010). Intergenerational adaptation in North Indian Kathak dance. Anthropological Notebooks 16 (3), 77–97.

Myers, H./Stone, R. M./Kaeppler, A./Love, J. W./Miller, T. E./Williams, S./Olsen, D. A./Sheehy, D. (2003). The Garland encyclopedia of world music: Africa. Ethnomusicology 47 (2), 263. https://doi.org/10.2307/3113926. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3113926

Nair, S. P./Kotian, S./Hiller, C./Mullerpatan, R. (2018). Survey of musculoskeletal disorders among Indian dancers in Mumbai and Mangalore. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 22 (2), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.12678/1089-313X.22.2.67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12678/1089-313X.22.2.67

Nair, Shanshank K. (2022). Interview with Guru Sri Mysore B. Nagaraj. Available online at https://ananyabengaluru.com/interview-with-sri-mysore-b-nagaraj/ (accessed 3/8/2024).

Nettl, B./Stone, R. M./Porter, J./Rice, T./Arnold, A. (1998). The Garland encyclopedia of world music: South Asia - the Indian subcontinent. Taylor & Francis.

Neumann, D. A. (2017). Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system. Foundations for rehabilitation. St. Louis, Missouri, Elsevier.

NHS (2023). Joint hypermobility syndrome. Available online at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/joint-hypermobility-syndrome/ (accessed 3/8/2024).

NIAMS (2001). Questions & answers about scoliosis in children and adolescents. Public Health Service- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Nilsson, C./Leanderson, J./Wykman, A./Strender, L. E. (2001). The injury panorama in a Swedish professional ballet company. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 9 (4), 242–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001670100195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001670100195

Ojofeitimi, S./Bronner, S. (2011). Injuries in a modern dance company effect of comprehensive management on injury incidence and cost. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 15 (3), 116–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1089313X1101500303

Otari, S. M./Puntambekar, A. (2021). A comparative assessment of flexibility of backline and strength of lower limb in bharatnatyam dancers and non-dancers. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health 8 (11), 5431. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214283

Pal, G./Pal, P./Indumathy, J./Suchitra, B./Sirisha, A. (2016). Decreased rate pressure product by yoga therapy in the first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetics is linked to the decrease in body mass index. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Physiology 3 (1), 45. https://doi.org/10.4103/2348-8093.180035. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2348-8093.180035

Pendurkar, T. (2022). Living agile: Lessons from Kathak dance. The Arts Quotient of 2022. Available online at https://theartsquotient.com/living-agile-lessons-from-kathak-dance/ (accessed 3/8/2024).

Petersen, J./Hölmich, P. (2005). Evidence based prevention of hamstring injuries in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine 39 (6), 319–323. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.018549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.018549

Ponce, M. C./Sankari, A./Sharma, S. (2023). Pulmonary function tests. In: Mario C. Ponce/Abdulghani Sankari/Sandeep Sharma (Eds.). StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.

Prakash, R. (2016). Musculoskeletal effects and injury risk in collegiate Indian classical and ballet dancers.

Purcell, L. (2009). Causes and prevention of low back pain in young athletes. Paediatrics & Child Health 14 (8), 533–538. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/14.8.533. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/14.8.533

Quin, E./Redding, E./Frazer, L. (2007). The Effects of an eight-week creative dance programme on the physiological and psychological status of 11-14 year old adolescents: An experimental study. Hampshire Dance and Laban.

Renstrom, P. A. (1992). Tendon and muscle injuries in the Groin area. Clinics in Sports Medicine 11 (4), 815–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5919(20)30487-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5919(20)30487-7

Rickman, A. M./Ambegaonkar, J. P./Cortes, N. (2012). Core stability: Implications for dance injuries. Medical Problems of Performing Artists 27 (3), 159–164. https://doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2012.3028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2012.3028

Russell, J. A. (2012). Breaking pointe: Foot and ankle injuries in dance. Lower Extremity Review Magazine of 1/17/2012. Available online at https://lermagazine.com/cover_story/breaking-pointe-foot-and-ankle-injuries-in-dance (accessed 3/14/2024).

Sabharwal, R./Singh, S. (2017a). Foot postural deviations in female Kathak dancers. International Journal of Physiotherapy 4 (1). https://doi.org/10.15621/ijphy/2017/v4i1/136163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15621/ijphy/2017/v4i1/136163

Sabharwal, R./Singh, S. (2017b). Prevalence of ankle instabilities and disabilities among female Kathak dancers. Physiotherapy 11 (2), 45. https://doi.org/10.4103/pjiap.pjiap_18_17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/PJIAP.PJIAP_18_17

Sarkar, V. (2023). From tradition to transcendence: How Pandit Birju Maharaj revolutionized Kathak dance. Homegrown of 5/18/2023. Available online at https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/from-tradition-to-transcendence-how-pandit-birju-maharaj-revolutionized-kathak-dance (accessed 3/14/2024).

Shah, R. (2007). Movement in stills. The dance and life of Kumudini Lakhia. Mapin Publishing.

Shah, S./Weiss, D. S./Burchette, R. J. (2012). Injuries in professional modern dancers incidence, risk factors, and management. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 16 (1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089313x1201600103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1089313X1201600103

Shaikh, Farah Yasmeen (2014). The art of storytelling: Kathak’s evolving connection to religion. Available online at https://dancersgroup.org/2014/04/the-art-of-storytelling-kathaks-evolving-connection-to-religion/ (accessed 3/14/2024).

Shan, G. (2005). Comparison of repetitive movements between ballet dancers and martial artists: risk assessment of muscle overuse injuries and prevention strategies. Research in Sports Medicine 13 (1), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620590922103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620590922103

Sherry, M. A./Best, T. M. (2004). A comparison of 2 rehabilitation programs in the treatment of acute hamstring strains. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 34 (3), 116–125. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2004.34.3.116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2004.34.3.116

Sivkishen, Ji (2015). Kingdom of Shiva (English Edition). Available online at https://www.amazon.de/-/en/Sivkishen-ebook/dp/B00V5JETPM (accessed 3/14/2024).

Smith, P. J./Gerrie, B. J./Varner, K. E./McCulloch, P. C./Lintner, D. M./Harris, J. D. (2015). Incidence and prevalence of musculoskeletal injury in ballet: A systematic review. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 3 (7), 2325967115592621. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967115592621. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967115592621

Soundy, A./Lim, J. Y. (2023). Pain perceptions, suffering and pain behaviours of professional and pre-professional dancers towards pain and injury: A qualitative review. Behavioral Sciences 13 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030268

Suri, Pranamya (2020). Five important facts about injuries in Indian classical dance. Available online at https://www.apollaperformance.com/blogs/news/five-important-facts-injuries-indian-classical-dance-with-pranamya-suri-md (accessed 3/14/2024).

Tanaka, H./Toussaint, J.-F. (2023). Editorial: Growth, peaking, and aging of competitive athletes. Frontiers in Physiology 14, 1165223. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1165223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1165223

Tarr, J./Thomas, H. (2011). Mapping embodiment: methodologies for representing pain and injury. Qualitative Research 11 (2), 141–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794110394067. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794110394067

Tarr, J./Thomas, H. (2021). Good pain, bad pain: Dancers, injury, and listening to the body. Dance Research 39 (1), 53–71. https://doi.org/10.3366/DRS.2020.0301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3366/drs.2020.0301

Trepman, E./Gellman, R. E./Micheli, L. J./Luca, C. J. de (1998). Electromyographic analysis of grand-plié in ballet and modern dancers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30 (12), 1708–1720. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199812000-00009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199812000-00009

Tyler, T. F./Nicholas, S. J./Campbell, R. J./Donellan, S./McHugh, M. P. (2002). The effectiveness of a preseason exercise program to prevent adductor muscle strains in professional ice hockey players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 30 (5), 680–683. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465020300050801. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465020300050801

Valenti, E. E./Valenti, V. E./Ferreira, C./Vanderlei, L. C. M./Moura Filho, O. F./Carvalho, T. D. de/Tassi, N./Petenusso, M./Leone, C./Fujiki, E. N./Junior, H. M./Mello Monteiro, C. B. de/Moreno, I. L./Gonçalves, A. C. C./Abreu, L. C. de (2011). Evaluation of movements of lower limbs in non-professional ballet dancers: hip abduction and flexion. Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology : SMARTT 3 (1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-16

Varela-Silva, M. I./Bogin, B./Sobral, J. A. G./Dickinson, F./Monserrat-Revillo, S. (2016). Deep data science to prevent and treat growth faltering in Maya children. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70 (6), 679–680. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.63

Virmani, V. (2018). 5 causes of injuries in dancers. Practo of 2018. Available online at https://www.practo.com/healthfeed/5-causes-of-injuries-in-dancers-35296/post (accessed 3/14/2024).

Vishwakarma, A. (2022). Dance movement therapy and Kathakin India. Journal of Literary and Cultural Inquiry 08 (02), 57–69. https://doi.org/10.35684/jlci.2022.8206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35684/JLCI.2022.8206

Walden, M. (2022). The 6 main causes of dance injuries. Virtual Sports Injury Clinic of 2022. Available online at https://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/sports-injury-prevention/6-causes-dance-injuries (accessed 3/14/2024).

Walker, M. E. (2016). India's Kathak dance in historical perspective. London, Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315588322

Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64 (4), 678–691. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.678. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.64.4.678

WHO (2022). Musculoskeletal health. Available online at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/musculoskeletal-conditions (accessed 3/14/2024).

Winslow, J./Yoder, E. (1995). Patellofemoral pain in female ballet dancers: correlation with iliotibial band tightness and tibial external rotation. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 22 (1), 18–21. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1995.22.1.18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1995.22.1.18

Wyon, M. A./Deighan, M. A./Nevill, A. M./Doherty, M./Morrison, S. L./Allen, N./Jobson, S. J./George, S. (2007). The cardiorespiratory, anthropometric, and performance characteristics of an international/national touring ballet company. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21 (2), 389–393. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-19405.1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200705000-00017

Zazulak, B. T./Hewett, T. E./Reeves, N. P./Goldberg, B./Cholewicki, J. (2007). The effects of core proprioception on knee injury: a prospective biomechanical-epidemiological study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 35 (3), 368–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546506297909. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546506297909