Nutrition, size, and tempo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52905/hbph2022.3.37Keywords:
food access, physical time, SEPS factors, pace of life, catch-up-growthAbstract
Nutrition is a prerequisite, but not a regulator of growth. Growth is defined as increase in size over time. The understanding of growth includes an understanding of the binary concept of physical time and individual tempo. Excess food causes tempo acceleration. Food restriction delays tempo. Tempo reflects the pace of life. It is a dynamic physical response to a broad spectrum of social, economic, political, and emotional (SEPE) factors and can affect life expectancy. Variations in tempo create distortions of the z-score patterns of height and weight. Illness or intermediate food shortage lead to intermediate halts in development and create short dips in the z-score patterns. Children who develop throughout life at delayed pace usually run at lower z-scores for height and weight, and show a characteristic adolescent trough; children who develop throughout life at faster than average pace usually run at higher z-scores and show a characteristic adolescent peak in their z-score patterns. During adolescence, almost half of the height variance is due to tempo variation. There is not one tempo for the whole body. Different organ systems grow and mature at different pace.
References
Almonaitiene, R./Balciuniene, I./Tutkuviene, J. (2012). Standards for permanent teeth emergence time and sequence in Lithuanian children, residents of Vilnius city. Stomatologija 14 (3), 93–100.
Antonov, A. N. (1947). Children born during the siege of Leningrad in 1942. The Journal of Pediatrics 30 (3), 250–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(47)80160-x.
Boeker, S./Hermanussen, M./Scheffler, C. (2022). Dental age is an independent marker of biological age. Human Biology and Public Health 3. https://doi.org/10.52905/hbph2021.3.24.
Bogin, B. (2021a). Patterns of human growth. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Bogin, B. (2021b). Social-Economic-Political-Emotional (SEPE) factors regulate human growth. Human Biology and Public Health 1. https://doi.org/10.52905/hbph.v1.10.
Brix, N./Ernst, A./Lauridsen, L. L. B./Parner, E. T./Arah, O. A./Olsen, J./Henriksen, T. B./Ramlau-Hansena, C. H. (2020). Childhood overweight and obesity and timing of puberty in boys and girls: cohort and sibling-matched analyses. International Journal of Epidemiology 49 (3), 834–844. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa056.
Cole, T. J./Green, P. J. (1992). Smothing reference centile curves: The LMS Method and penalized likelihood. Statistics in Medicine 11, 1305–1319.
Dammhahn, M./Dingemanse, N. J./Niemelä, P. T./Réale, D. (2018). Pace-of-life syndromes: a framework for the adaptive integration of behaviour, physiology and life history. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 72 (3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2473-y.
Datta Banik, S. (2022a). Association of early menarche with elevated BMI, lower body height and relative leg length among 14- to 16-year-old post-menarcheal girls from a Maya community in Yucatan, Mexico. Anthropological Review 85 (1), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.18778/1898-6773.85.1.06.
Datta Banik, S. (2022b). Inter-relationships between percentage body fat, relative subischial leg length and body mass index among adolescents and adults from the Limbu community of Darjeeling, West Bengal. Journal of Biosocial Science 54 (1), 124–134. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932020000723.
Gassner, U. K. (1862). Über die Veränderungen des Körpergewichts bei Schwangeren, Gebärenden und Wöchnerinnen. Monatsschrift für Geburtskunde und Frauenkrankheiten 19, 1–68.
Greulich, W. W./Pyle, Sarah I. (1959). Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist. 2nd ed. Stanford, California, Stanford University Press.
Hermanussen, M. (2010). Auxology: an update. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 74 (3), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1159/000317440.
Hermanussen, M./Bogin, B./Scheffler, C. (2019). The impact of social identity and social dominance on the regulation of human growth: a viewpoint. Acta Paediatrica 108 (12), 2132–2134. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.14970.
Hermanussen, M./Lehmann, A./Scheffler, C. (2012). Psychosocial pressure and menarche: a review of historic evidence for social amenorrhea. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 67 (4), 237–241. https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0b013e31824c94ad.
Hermanussen, M./Meigen, C. (2007). Phase variation in child and adolescent growth. The International Journal of Biostatistics 3 (1), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.2202/1557-4679.1045.
Joppich, G./Asperger, H./Feer, E. (Eds.) (1975). Lehrbuch der Kinderheilkunde. 23rd ed. Stuttgart, Fischer.
Komlos, J./Tanner, J. M./Davies, P. S./Cole, T. (1992). The growth of boys in the Stuttgart Carlschule, 1771-93. Annals of Human Biology 19 (2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014469200002022.
Kotelmann, L. (1879). Die Körperverhältnisse der Gelehrtenschüler des Johanneums in Hamburg: Ein statistischer Beitrag zur Schulhygiene. Zeitschrift des Königlich Preussischen Statistischen Bureaus.
Kuzawa, C. W./Bragg, J. M. (2012). Plasticity in human life history strategy. Current Anthropology 53 (S6), S369-S382. https://doi.org/10.1086/667410.
Lartey, A. (2015). What would it take to prevent stunted growth in children in sub-Saharan Africa? The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 74 (4), 449–453. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665115001688.
Lewis, A. B. (1991). Comparisons between dental and skeletal ages. Angle Orthodontist 61 (87-92). https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(1991)061<0087:CBDASA>2.0.CO;2.
Li, W./Liu, Q./Deng, X./Chen, Y./Liu, S./Story, M. (2017). Association between obesity and puberty timing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101266.
Llop-Viñolas, D./Vizmanos, B./Closa Monasterolo, R./Escribano Subías, J./Fernández-Ballart, J. D./Martí-Henneberg, C. (2004). Onset of puberty at eight years of age in girls determines a specific tempo of puberty but does not affect adult height. Acta Paediatrica 93 (7), 874–879. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb02683.x.
McCay, C. M./Crowell, Mary F./Maynard, L. A. (1935). The effect of retarded growth upon the length of life span and upon the ultimate body size. The Journal of Nutrition 10 (1), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/10.1.63.
McDonald, R. B./Ramsey, J. J. (2010). Honoring Clive McCay and 75 years of calorie restriction research. The Journal of Nutrition 140 (7), 1205–1210. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.122804.
OECD (2022). Health status - life expectancy at birth - OECD Data. Available online at https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm (accessed 5/24/2022).
Prader, A./Largo, R. H./Molinari, L./Issler, C. (1989). Physical growth of Swiss children from birth to 20 years of age. First Zurich longitudinal study of growth and development. Helvetica Paediatrica Acta. Supplementum 52, 1–125.
Prentice, A. M./Ward, K. A./Goldberg, G. R./Jarjou, L. M./Moore, S. E./Fulford, A. J./Prentice, A. (2013). Critical windows for nutritional interventions against stunting. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97 (5), 911–918. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.052332.
Proos, L. A./Hofvander, Y./Tuvemo, T. (1991). Menarcheal age and growth pattern of Indian girls adopted in Sweden. II. Catch-up growth and final height. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 58 (1), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02810420.
Proos, Lemm A. (2009). Growth & development of Indian children adopted in Sweden. The Indian Journal of Medical Research 130 (5), 646–650.
Réale, D./Garant, D./Humphries, M. M./Bergeron, P./Careau, V./Montiglio, P.-O. (2010). Personality and the emergence of the pace-of-life syndrome concept at the population level. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 365 (1560), 4051–4063. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0208.
Rooij, S. R. de/Wouters, H./Yonker, J. E./Painter, R. C./Roseboom, T. J. (2010). Prenatal undernutrition and cognitive function in late adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (39), 16881–16886. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009459107.
Scheffler, C./Bogin, B./Hermanussen, M. (2021). Catch-up growth is a better indicator of undernutrition than thresholds for stunting. Public Health Nutrition 24 (1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020003067.
Scheffler, C./Hermanussen, M. (2022a). Stunting is the natural condition of human height. American Journal of Human Biology 34 (5), e23693. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23693.
Scheffler, C./Hermanussen, M. (2022b). What tells us stunting. Human Biology and Public Health (2).
Scheffler, C./Hermanussen, M./Bogin, B./Liana, D. S./Taolin, F./Cempaka, P. M. V. P./Irawan, M./Ibbibah, L. F./Mappapa, N. K./Payong, M. K. E./Homalessy, A. V./Takalapeta, A./Apriyanti, S./Manoeroe, M. G./Dupe, F. R./Ratri, R. R. K./Touw, S. Y./K, P. V./Murtani, B. J./Nunuhitu, R./Puspitasari, R./Riandra, I. K./Liwan, A. S./Amandari, P./Permatasari, A. A. I./Julia, M./Batubara, J./Pulungan, A. (2019). Stunting is not a synonym of malnutrition. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-019-0439-4.
Scheffler, C./Hermanussen, M./Rogol, A. (2020). Stunting: historical lessons that catch-up growth tells us for mapping growth restoration. Archives of Disease in Childhood. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-319240.
Schlesinger, E. (1919). Wachstum, Gewicht und Konstitution der Kinder und der heranwachsenden Jugend während des Krieges. Zeitschrift für Kinderheilkunde 22, 80–123.
Serinelli, S./Panetta, V./Pasqualetti, P./Marchetti, D. (2011). Accuracy of three age determination X-ray methods on the left hand-wrist: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 13 (3), 120–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2011.01.004.
Tanner, J. M./Whitehouse, R. H./Marshall, W. A./Healy, M.J.R./Goldstein, H. (1991). Assessment of skeletal maturity and prediction of adult height (TW2 method). 2nd ed. London, Academic Press.
Teilmann, G./Pedersen, C. B./Skakkebaek, N. E./Jensen, T. K. (2006). Increased risk of precocious puberty in internationally adopted children in Denmark. Pediatrics 118 (2), e391-9. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2939.
Wit, C. C. de/Sas, Theo C. J./Wit, J. M./Cutfield, W. S. (2013). Patterns of catch-up growth. The Journal of Pediatrics 162 (2), 415–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.10.014.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Michael Hermanussen, Christiane Scheffler
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
